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:''For the movement associated with William F. Albright and also known as ''biblical archaeology'', see Biblical archaeology school. For the interpretation of biblical archaeology in relation to biblical historicity, see Historicity of the Bible and List of artifacts in biblical archaeology. Biblical archaeology involves the recovery and scientific investigation of the material remains of past cultures that can illuminate the periods and descriptions in the Bible, be they from the Old Testament (Tanakh) or from the New Testament, as well as the history and cosmogony of the Judeo-Christian religions. The principal location of interest for this branch of the archaeological sciences is what is known in the relevant religions as the Holy Land, which from a western perspective is also called the Middle East. Even though the main reference points of biblical archaeology are mainly theological and religious, the study of these references is a methodical science. The scientific techniques used are the same as those used in general archaeology, such as excavation and radiocarbon dating among others. In contrast, the archaeology of the ancient Middle East simply deals with the Ancient Near East, or Middle East, without giving any especial consideration to whether its discoveries have any relationship with the Bible. Biblical archaeology is polemical as there are a number of points of view regarding the nature of its purpose and aims, and what these should be. A number of points of view from important archaeologists are included in the section on Expert Commentaries. == Archaeology == (詳細はscientific framework and the Bible as an object for research. Archaeology is a science, not in the Aristotelian sense of ''cognitio certa per causas'' but in the modern sense of systematic knowledge.〔,(in Italian)〕 Vicente Vilar expands on this point by stating that archaeology is both art and science: as an art it searches for the material remains of ancient civilizations and tries to reconstruct, as far as possible, the environment and the organizations of one or many historical epochs;〔 as a relatively recent modern science, and as Benesch has said, it is a science that is barely 200 years old but that has, however, completely changed our ideas about the past.〔Kurt Benesch: ''Past to discover'' cited by J.M. Vernet in his "''Curso Básico de Arqueología Bíblica''", Teologado Salesiano Internacional de Ratisbonne, Jerusalén, 2001 (in Italian).〕 It might be thought that archaeology would have to disregard the information contained within religions and many philosophical systems. However, apart from the great deal of factual material that they provide such as places of worship, holy objects and other scientifically observable things, there are other aspects that are equally important for scientific archaeological investigation such as religious texts, rites, customs and traditions. Myths are commonly used by archaeologists and historians as clues to events or places that have become hidden in the background, a process that Rudolf Bultmann calls "demythification" – the most notable example being Homer’s poems and the mythical city of Troy. This contemporary perception of the myth, mainly developed by Bultmann, has encouraged scientists such as archaeologists to examine the areas indicated by the biblical tales.〔R. Bultmann, ''Nuovo Testamento e mitología'', p. 203 (in Italian)〕〔Cf. L. Randellini, voce Demitizzazione, in ER, vol. 2, coll. 623-635; Id., ''Bultmann’s hermeneutics condemn K. Barth and the existentialist interpretation that he applies to Paul’s Epistle to the Romans'' (K. Barth, L'Epistola ai Romani): cfr. R. Marlé, o.c., pp. 36-41; J.M. Robinson, La Nuova Ermeneutica, pp. 34-35. 41-47 (In Italian)〕 Biblical archaeology is the discipline occupied with the scientific investigation and recovery of the material remains of past cultures that can illuminate the times and descriptions of the Bible. A broad swathe of time between 2000 BC and 100 AD.〔Volkmar Fritz, Introduzione all'archeologia biblica (tr. en. ''Introduction to biblical archaeology''), pp 13-19〕 Other authors prefer to talk about the "''archaeology of Palestine''" and to define the relevant territories as those to the east and west of the River Jordan. This indicates that "''biblical archaeology"'' or that of Palestine is circumscribed by the territories that were the backdrop to the biblical stories. The raison d’etre of biblical archaeology derives from the fact that it allows an understanding of the peoples that inhabited the Holy Land. It allows an understanding of their history, culture, identity and movements. This makes it possible to know the exact location of the stories and compare them with fact. Regarding this, Kaswalder has noted that previously the American and Israeli school of biblical archaeology saw archaeology as proof of the veracity of the biblical stories,〔Pietro Kaswalder, "''L`archeologia biblica e le origini di Israele''" (tr. en. ''Biblical archaeology and the origins of Israel''), in Rivista Biblica 41, pp. 171-188, 1993.〕 as can be seen in the work of authors of the stature of William F. Albright, G. Ernest Wright and Yigael Yadin However, today archaeologists are not trying to prove that the stories in the Bible are true, they are trying to discover the historical world upon which the books of the bible drew and from which they derive their meaning. Using this approach, introduced by P. Kaswalder,〔El archaeologist Father Pietro Kaswalder, O.F.M. is professor of Old Testament exegesis and archaeology at the ''Studium Biblicum Franciscanum'' in Jerusalem.〕 it is possible to shed light on the following, according to the classification presented by the Catalan papyrologist Joan Maria Vernet:〔J.M. Vernet, "''Basic Course in Biblical Archaeology ''", International Silesian Theologate of Ratisbonne, Jerusalem, 2001 (in Italian), p. 5〕 * Biblical archaeology can shed light on the knowledge that we have regarding certain historical data described in the biblical stories such as governments, people, battles and cities. * It allows us to provide some specific details reflected in the books of the bible for example the Siloam Tunnel, the Pool of Bethesda, Calvary and others that effectively relate to those described in the biblical stories. * Biblical archaeology lends fundamental support to exegetical studies. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「biblical archaeology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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